Marlboro cigarettes Essay Example for Free

Marlboro cigargonttes EssayMarlboro cigargonttes has non responded to the importance of Social responsible by developing and implementing soci in ally responsible, sustain adequate, strategies and practices. Although Marlboro was directed by law makers and authorities to take actions in order to limit their marketing strategies and define measures to reduce exchange of cigarettes to teenagers, but so far, the confederacy has non been able to take any concrete bill or action regarding these directives. Although the high nightspot plans to implement one of the worlds oversizedst marketing plans in pull back with corporate social responsibility, however, nonentity practical has been to age. Introduction The purpose of this cut across is to basically look upon to the matter of corporate social responsibility hat tobacco companies have towards the environment and the holdr. For this report, we bequeath specifically jackstones she-bop Marlboro, a renowned cigarette mar king that is marketed by Phillip Morris. In this report we will see what Phillip Morris has done in order to assume, make up and act upon its corporate social responsibility on with the argument on areas where it still does needs to work in order to assume its responsibility to the fullest.The report will lolly with a brief introduction of the company, Phillip Morris, followed by a brief paragraph of information on how bad is smoking for wellness and what are the diseases that generate in a human body due to smoking. Phillip Morris Phillip Morris is an international company that markets tobacco products, mainly cigarettes in everyplace 160 countries worldwide. The share of this company in the international market extends to 15. 6% outside America which makes it one of the biggest tobacco marketing companies around the world. With revenues shooting up to 22.8 billion dollars, Phillip Morris employs over 80000 employees around the world. Marlboro is one of the major gulls that ar e marketed by the company along with LM, Phillip Morris, Morven Gold and Virginia Slims. However, of all major brands mentioned above, Marlboro is world best selling cigarette brand with customers all over the world. Besides being the best tobacco marketing company in the world, Phillip Morris is also the worlds terzetto best company with respect to profitability in international consumer undecomposeds category (Bianco 2003).Marlboro has over 23 distinct verities of cigarettes under its brand in order to cater to different customers with different tastes and preferences. Marlboro is also one of the brands which spend huge amounts of money for its sponsorships and advertisements as it is evident by the fact that it sponsors one of the most expensive motor sport events along with brands like Mercedes, Ferrari, McLaren and BMW. Smoking Injurious to Health Around 1.1 billion people around the world raft daily which include one third of the entire adult population of the world. Other indeed US and EU, hen we go towards Asia, we see that people who are habitual of smoking smoke so overweeningly that most of them are sleep togethern as chain smokers. The moment they put off a cigarette, they light a rude(a) one instantly. Although it is not the case that people are not aware of the fact that smoking is injurious to health, they do know this, but the fact is that most of the people know only this much.By this we mean that the technicalities and the diseases related to smoking are mostly ignored by smokers who only know that it is injurious to health and they do not bother to take into account the seriousness of diseases that are caused by smoking. In this part of the paper we will discuss what the diseases that are caused by smoking (Kelder 2005). to begin with stating the harmful deceases that smoking causes first we need to realize hat there are around 4000 different chemicals that are used to make single cigarette. more or less of the chemicals out of the se 4000 and their function in daily tone are listed below Nicotine It is a venomous poisonArsenic this chemical is used in poisons for cleanup position rats Ammonia A chemical that is used to make Floor Cleaners Carbon Monoxide this is one of the emissions from car exhausts Cadmium a chemical used in daily use batteries Methane a fuel component Butane Used to fill lighters Now, a consumer good, that contains all of the above chemicals and goes inside the human directly, no wonder how deadly it would be for health. Smoking actually kills the air sacks in the lungs every time the smoke goes in. The more you smoke, the more your lungs are damaged because these air bags are confine in quantity and they are not produced again.Excessive smoking causes lungs to turn black because of the fact that tar that conform tos out of the smoke is deposited on the lungs which also blocks arteries that go to the blood. The heart and lungs both get weak and the stamina of a smoker is manifold less er then a non smoker. Tar also gets deposited on dentition and mouth walls which causes infections and increases the chances of mouth genus Cancer. The stains that are left on teeth damage the teeth and smokers have a high rate of getting dental cavities as compared to a non smoker. T.B and cancer are on of the most common and deadliest diseases that are found in excessive smokers. Cancer is a disease which cannot be cured in many parts of the world today. Even if it can, the treatment is so expensive and difficult, that a cancer patient looses all his fitness, his brain cells get damaged and the patient looses all signs of hair on the body (Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Health Committee 2000). Radiations and therapies have to be daily in order to suppress cancer from the blood, however, studies show that once a patient gets cancer, it is very difficult to cure him.Moreover, a smoker has many times more chances of getting cancer then a non smoker. Studies show that out of all those who have lung cancer, 90% of them are smokers. Thus smoking not just only damages your health to a great extent, but, it also ensures that you also live way shorter then a normal non smoker human being. CSR assumed by Philip Morris According to news, Phillip Morris is intending to come up with a new advertising campaign which will be in line with the corporate social responsibility that is involve by law makers and authorities for the company to assume.According to Phillip Morris this new advertising campaign will be the worlds largest campaign that will be in line with the corporate social responsibility with respect to tobacco marketing and the corporate world as well. In this marketing campaign, the company would not focus on the benefits of smoking and associating it with different icons in the leading sports and Media indus chasten. Moreover, the company also intends to stop marketing campaigns which are directly promoting youth to consume cigarettes and also it intends to raise prices as required by authorities aim order to control the sale of cigarettes.These are responsibilities that the company should have assumed on its own rather then regulatory authorities imposing them on the company. CSR ignored by Marlboro in the current marketing campaigns. Marlboro along with many other tobacco brands has till date ignored there corporate social responsibility in order to discourage or at least not motivate new consumers to start smoking. Like all other consumer brands, Marlboro has also found to be promoting its brand and motivating consumers to start smoking Marlboro cigarettes as they are the leading brand in the world (Hilts 1996).For this purpose, Marlboro is using different techniques to capture different markets by differentiating its products with the need of the consumer in order to increase sales. However, it does not realizes the fact that the more the company promotes the sale of cigarettes, the more it plays with the consumers lives because it is a proven fact as discussed in the above discussion that smoking cigarettes is an activity that is seriously harmful for human health and excessive use can also be fatal in the form of Lung Cancer.Little information slightly ingredients on Packets As required by authorities, all Tobacco companies are required to print the ingredients that are used to make a cigarette from paper, to filter and the ingredients of tobacco as well. As discussed above the snatch of chemicals that are used in cigarette manufacturing is very large, thus the companies are require to at least print the most harmful ingredients of them all in order to provide full information to the consumers about the product that they are consuming.However, when we look at the packaging of Marlboro, none of the chemicals listed above are found in the ingredients section which is against their corporate social responsibility. Surveys suggest that a number of people will at least think of quitting or redu ce smoking cigarettes if they baffle these ingredients on the packing. Controversy of Filters Marlboro along with all the other brands manufacturing cigarettes project to their consumers that the filters that are present at the tip of the cigarette actually prevent a large amount of tar from going into the lungs (Feldmen 2004).However, studies show that the filters only make the smoke smoother for throat and prevent only a small amount of tar from going inside, thus, they ma be taken as useless. The fact about the manufacturing of these filters is that they are made of ammonia which is used for cleaning floors and toilets in domestic use. Moreover, when the smoke goes into lungs after passing through these ammonia filters, they actually reutilize the vaporized fumes of nicotine in the lungs which increases the dosage of nicotine as much twice. Variations in the same brandIn order to cater to all segments of the society, Marlboro has a portfolio of around 23 flavors which are design ed for consumers of all backgrounds, mentality, tastes and gender. From light to hard, short to long, red to black, Ferrari packs to Marlboro slims for ladies, Marlboro tries to attract smokers from all segments of the society by showing them that Marlboro has all the reasons for them to smoke the cigarette of their choice. Surveys predict that the more the simple a company keeps its tobacco products, the lesser it will attract new smokers, but Marlboro is actually doing the opposite.People are given choices and motivations to smoke and this is one of the reasons why teenage smoking has been increasing drastically. Teenagers are immature enough to try all of the variants that are marketed by Marlboro because every variant offers them something different then the previous one. The roasted tobacco tastes different then the fascinating and attractive Ferrari pack. Marlboro doesnt realizes the fact that it has to think that the way the number of teenage smokers are increasing due to its marketing campaigns, the count of people having cancer 20 years scratch off the lane would triple the present count today.Exchange of Packs Campaign As far as marketing to that consumer who already smoke is concerned, Marlboros latest technique of making non Marlboro smokers to switch to Marlboro includes activities such exchanging packets of non-Marlboro smokers with a brand new exceptional pack of Marlboro cigarettes so that they use Marlboro from then onwards. This activity not only promotes them to consume more cigarettes, but also, this activity requires the consumers to recommend more people about the taste of Marlboro (Michaels 2008).The representatives of the company do not at all inform the consumer about the harms that the consumption may cause to their health rather, all they take about is the finest tobacco blends and the fresh new taste that Marlboro brings to them. Pricing Also as required by the law makers, Marlboro is required to increase its costs so that the sal es of the product can be reduced as it is a demerit good which does not has any benefit of the consumer but it poses a cost to the society and the environment as a whole.However, Marlboro has not taken any such step in this regard in fact, Marlboro along with many other brands is actually marketing its sale offers online at different forums and portals in order to increase its sells. The special packs that include a special lighter and a fabulous cigarette case are also one of the ways that Marlboro uses to attract more customers. Largest condescend of Formula 1 Marlboro is the largest spending sponsor of formula one as it is one of the most watched motor sport event on all sports and TV channels.People from around the world watch this event on television and online, thus Marlboro does not leaves any chance to let go this opportunity and spends impenetrable sums of money to sponsor the fastest cars like Ferrari and McLaren. The cars are all painted with the brand logo of Marlboro along with the crew which has Marlboro written on them from head to walk (Givel 2000). All across the track and the stadiums, Marlboro tries to fill out every bit of space available with its logo in order to reiterate its logo and brand in the consumers mind. ConclusionFunny as it may seem that many believe on the statement that governments might use smoking as a tool to control population growth in several countries. However, if we look at this matter closely, governments which are not taking serious actions on companies who are not assuming their corporate social responsibility are exactly doing what the statement suggests. The more their approach is lenient towards cigarettes and their marketing, the higher are the chances that the average life of the population will be low as the cases of cancer will grow rapidly and thus the population will reduce.Thus, governments and authorities should look up to this matter more loosely and seriously in order to stop or limit the marketing campaigns of cigarettes for the benefit of the society.Work Cited Bianco, E (2003). Tobacco manufacture marketing strategies and women. Womens Health Journal Feldmen, E (2004). Unfiltered Conflicts over Tobacco Policy and Public Health. Harvard University Press Givel, M (2000). The public health undermined The tobacco industrys legacy in Missouri in the 1990s. Institute for Health Policy Studies, School of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoGreat Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Health Committee (2000). The Tobacco Industry and the Health Risks of Smoking distinguish and Proceedings of the Committee v. 1 (House of Commons Papers). Stationary Office books Hilts, P (1996). Smokescreen The Truth behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up. Addison Wesley Publishing Company Kelder, G (2005). The tobacco industry under fire. Trial Michaels, D (2008). Doubt is Their Product How Industrys Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. Oxford University Press

Scientific Management Essay Example for Free

scientific focus EssayIn order to improve the frugal efficiency and the labour productivity, Frederick Taylor take oned a set of new ideas for managing plurality and company and redesigned the activities of task procedure that has been named Scientific Management, also c aloneed Taylorism, which is a theory of analysing and synthesizing the browseflows. He believed that Scientific Management could create the best authority of carry come in all(prenominal) set of assignment in the shop, based on the limitation of time, details of working observation, selection and training of workers. There are four principles of Scientific Management.It required management to measure the ability of workers and their working time for the purpose of produce a reasonable daily workload scientifically, which combined the best beam and the most scientific method to divide a job into small tasks in order to devise a production line for workers to achieve the slight waste, lower cost and high profit as well as paid. Most of Workers are likely to have to a greater extent motivation by increase wages. To some extent, improvement of total output could affect the pay.Secondly, management are likely to choose the workers who are fitting the tasks. Not everyone peck have akin level of working skill and ability of accept new knowledge. The responsibility of employer is selecting and training the most suitable workers with the best skills in a scientific way rather than let them trained themselves passively and encourage them to make the greatest effort for the company. On the other hand, it has also utilized the human resources properly to develop the extreme potential. Moreover, managers should collect their own working experiences, analyse the advantages and disadvantages, summarize the regularity and create a new approach to train workers.The combination of science of work and selecting and training people will be the best way in workplace. Because of the standardization of machinery, operation, working environment and management, the workers also have to be trained in a standardization way to achieve the higher output level and greater profit margin. In Taylors view, it will create a win-win situation. specialty and collaboration between worker and management is the other core of Scientific Management. When everyone has been allocated in ones task and focus on it, the argument and contravene will rarely exist in workplace.The distribution and responsibility of work between management and worker should be equal. In addition to that, if the job is morecompetent for manager, manager should undertake that job. In other words, the process of specialization and collaboration is a mental revolution that has been modified as the foundation to all types of work. Thus, they will appreciate that if they cooperate with the team, total profit that they created together will be prodigious. At the present, the competitions between modern enterprises are fiercer than the past time.People has bit by bit switched the focus from only compete for profit to also aggressively fight for talents and scientific management in any casel. Scientific Management has shown its function in the contemporary organization. do McDonald as an outstanding example. McDonald has achieved to requirement in profit maximisation by using Scientific Management. It included the perfect combination and utilization of decision make by leaders, workers and machinery. They also brought the high-tech equipment into operation and trained workers to handle them perfectly in working environment.For example, the kitchen is more likely to be a packinghouse that every piece of machine is controlled by selected workers and set in the planned place in order to form an applicable production line. Taylor also states that the workers are motivate by different levels of wages. Except the base wage, McDonald provides the employees with job promotion and incentive system to encourage them to work more efficient. The employee who achieved the highest sales or received the approbation from customer review will be awarded as the best employee in the month that can gain extra pay.Furthermore, the most efficient producing approach can reduce the total cost. After updating the facility, workers can increase their output by using the same amount of time that they only can application one task in the past. Thus, the productivity has increased but waste of time and resources are decreased. Although Taylor focuses on improving technology and working efficiency too much, sometimes ignore the limitations such as workers psychological status. Nowadays, because of the era development and changing in consumption trends, the core of Scientific Management is still applied into business operation by many companies but the modification and update are also in progress.Generally speaking, as the allow for of the expansion of the range of economic activities and the particularizati on of tasks, for individuals, Scientific Management specialized each worker in the most suitable position. For companies, it has helped numerous enterprises to achieve the maximize profit and augment thesize of the business. For a country, Scientific Management has assisted countries that are applied to this management mode in improving the productivity and accelerating to economic growth.// oo++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16)return t,a=function(e)e=e.match(/Ss1,2/g)for(var t=,o=0o e.lengtho++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(eo,16))return t,d=function()return studymoose.com,p=function()var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocolif(p.indexOf(http)==0)return pfor(var e=0e

The Moral Philosophy Of Virtue Ethics

The Moral Philosophy Of Virtue ethicsVirtue Ethics is a deterrent example ism commonly attributed to Plato and Aristotle. The meaning of the word virtue for both was that of excellence. Although there are differences in their individual schools of thought, their outlook on morals is more or less the same.Both these philosophers came upon their understanding of ethics and ethical motive while attempting to answer some fundamental question. For Plato, the question was, what is the erect life? And for Aristotle this was, what do men fundament onlyy desire?In their individual attempts to answer these questions we find their theories of ethics.Plato described four cardinal virtues in his works. They were Wisdom, Courage, Temperance and Justice, referring respectively to the following faculties of the hu cosmos race soul Reason, Spirits, Appetites and justice being the correct balance of the first three, which according to him was the subservience of spirits and appetites to the fac ulty of reason. These virtues when properly exercised would lead to the development of an organized, well-balanced and so virtuous individual. This well-balanced individual would be a happy person.So, Plato hypothesizes that it is a happy person who is leading a good life (hence, a good life is a happy life). He is happy beca utilise he is morally virtuous, morally virtuous because he is guided by reason and reason is k todayledge.We now understand the first part of Platos theory that to be happy one must be morally virtuous. This leads to the second part of his theory that reason or that ultimate noesis which is needed for morality comes from the Idea of Good. It is this Idea of Good which exists in the realm of Ideas, of immutable, unchanging Form which is the source and the final goal of all morality. And this Idea of Good is accessible only to the philosophers.Aristotle differs from the Platonic view over the concept of Forms and that knowledge of morality is a priori. Accordi ng to him, moral principles are to be discovered through the study of mans life and his experiences and not from some obscure, formless world of ideals.In his search for the answer to what men fundamentally desire, Aristotle more or less comes to the same conclusion as Plato, which is the attainment of Eudaimonia, a term used by Aristotle and translated commonly as Happiness. As with Plato, Aristotle also believes that leading a virtuous life will lead to happiness. A virtuous life is one which is governed by reason.Reason in man has two functions. First is the use of reason (or the rational part of the soul) to control the irrational (appetitive, for e.g. emotions and vegetative, for e.g. breathing) part of the soul. The second is to use reason for the sake of deep analysis to come up with knowledge which in turn yields laws and principles to govern everyday life.He further demesnes that virtue in man corresponds to these two functions of reason respectively moral virtues and inte llectual virtues. These moral and intellectual virtues are the mean between two vices. That is these virtues exist as the middle ground between two extremes.Moral virtues are those which based on rationality are ingrained in a man as his nature and are practiced by him out of habit. Examples of the moral virtues are resolution and prudence etc.On the other hand, the intellectual virtues are those of exercising the rational part of the soul purely for the sake of reasoning, an example of which is wisdom.The former (moral virtues) are within reach of the ordinary man while the intellectual virtues fall in the domain of a few divinely blessed only.Finally, according to Aristotle it is the state of character of a person which makes him morally virtuous. This state of character is one of the three components of a mans personality. The other two being the passions (e.g. anger or fear) and the faculties (e.g. mightiness to feel anger).It is the state of character which propels a man to c hoose between two extremes. Hence moral virtue is the state of character of a man which leads him to choose the golden mean. Let us take an example, proper pride is the mean between empty vanity and undue humility.To sum up Aristotles philosophy of ethics is that it is the character of man within which lies the power to choose. Hence it is not the act but the choice made between different forms of that act that morality is evident.NOTESWilliam Lille, An Introduction to Ethics, (London Methuen Co Ltd, 1971), 272.Ethel M. Albert, Theodore C. Denise and Sheldon P. Peterfreund, Great Traditions in Ethics, (New York D. Van Nostrand Company, 1980), 11.Ibid., 38.Lille, An Introduction, 274, 277.Ethel M. Albert and others, Great, 11.Ibid., 29.Ibid., 38.Ibid., 46.Ibid., 48.Ibid., 39.Ibid., 50.

Psychoanalytic Theory And Reading Of Cultural Products Film Studies Essay

Psychoanalytic Theory And Reading Of Cultural Products Film Studies EssayThe master(prenominal) concept of this essay is to point bulge how psychoanalytic theory could be used as a method of chthonianstanding and analyzing cultural products. The around valid approach for this is to observe how the cinema integrates psychoanalytic theories into specific learn concepts. For this rea parole a Hitchcock contract is used as an spokesperson, for it a common fact that there are many Freudian aspects in his movies. Specifically, Psycho is regarded by many film theorists and historians as the first psychoanalytic thriller (Kaganski as cited in Boulton, 2010). As implied by the title of the film, it is a movie whose patch is based on the Freudian Oedipus complex theory.First of all, it is noteworthy how the cinema positive a strong connection to psychoanalytic theories over the geezerhood. What is also interest is the way in which a movie could be interpreted as a desire or a day -dreaming process. Moreover, in the countenance spot of the essay, the correlation which Psycho has with psychoanalytical procedure is explored, in an effort to discover its kind and if it is actually the first psychoanalytic movie.Following a short presentment of the main plot, it is necessary to examine the nature of the Oedipus complex and how it is applied to the movie. Despite the fact that it remains the central psychoanalytic idea in the film, is not the entirely Freudian reference the movie could also be interpreted through and through ego, superego and id psychoanalytic aspect. Finally, it is imperative to dissect the two protagonist characters and the famous murder scenes under the psychoanalytic perspective.CINEMA AND PSYCHOANALYSISCinema is considered to be among the most important institutions of the post fresh society, ace which serves numerous sociological purposes, through the use of art. The sociological perspective of cinema is but one side of the coin the ot her side represents a more personal, more intimate psychoanalytical procedure. It is true that Freudian psychoanalysis is not a process concerned only with psychological models and consciousness. In modern society, psychoanalysis also constitutes a means of understanding flora of great artistic and cultural values, such as cinematic films (Mertz, 1976).A movie could be undergo through the psychoanalytical lens in renewing of diverse ways, such as the Freudian dream interpretation or as an object of our fantasy-desire (Lacan) or even as our identification through voyeurism (ibid). Freud characterizes the dream as the expression of a like fulfilled a movie could, conceivably, be seen as a dream, because on the screen we witness some of our desires existence visualized. Spellbound and Marnie are two of Hitchcocks films that could be approached through the method of dream interpretation (Sandis, 2009).The history of the relation between psychoanalysis and cinema is divide into lea d periods. During the 30s, psychoanalysis became a familiar point of interest for the movie industry, although it was tranquil somewhat superficial and had little to do with actual human behavior. After the befriend World War, the references to psychoanalysis became even more apparent, because of the appearance of psychological problems. The Wars cinematic demonstration followed this optimistic evolution (Gale Dictionary of Psychoanalysis). Hitchcocks movies had a great impact in this certain period, mainly due to their deep connection with psychoanalytic concepts. Psycho (1960), North by Northwest (1959) or The birds (1963) are cultural works with oedipal themes in them. More recently psychoanalysis has been integrated in certain cinematic aspects as an objective cognitive method or even unblockiculed method (for example in Woody Allens movie characters) (Gale Dictionary of Psychoanalysis).PSYCHO AND PSYCHOANALYSISThe movie is directed by Alfred Hitchcock and scripted by Joseph Stefano, who adapted the screenplay from the homonymous novel written by Robert Bloch. Blochs 1959 novel was based on the true story of a notorious psychotic incidental killer, named Edward Gein. His murderous character has inspired many other serial killers such as Jame Gumb (Buffalo Bill) in the Silence of the Lambs (1991) (Dirks).The movie had a great impact in the 60s and since then Hitchcock is considered as the original creator of suspense. Psycho is so multilayered and complex a movie, that it reveals more and more of its essence with each viewing. This explains why there is such a controversy about what genre of movie it is. The main theme is mystery and Hitchcock promotes it with his unique direction technique. When the film was aired in theaters, he insisted that no one would study a seat after the film had started. Thus, the auditory modalitys speculated that something terrible was happening in the first few minutes (Dirks).Psycho is considered a film noir because it s hares some common characteristics with those films but, at the same time, remains very(prenominal) peculiar. Through the perspective that a film noir conjures a universe where human desire fails to be fulfilled, Psycho could be regarded as one of those films (Palmer, 1986). Lacans object petite a theory is referred to an unattainable desire, such as Normans desire for Marion (Laplanche, Pontalis, 1986).There is also another theory which makes Psycho the first psychoanalytical movie (Kaganski as cited in Boulton). Specifically, it starts as a whodunit, then it is trans influenceed into a horror film and then into a suspense film with elements of very dark, black comedy. However, if one digs deeper, it inevitably becomes apparent that the film is undoubtedly psychological with specific Freudian interpretations. Francois Truffaut has said If Psycho had been intended as a serious picture, it would nurse been shown as a clinical slickness with no mystery or suspense. The material wou ld have been used as a documentation of a case history (Truffaut as cited in Sandis, 200969). In addition to this aspect, Hitchcock has mentioned Probably the real Psycho story wouldnt have been emotional at all it wouldve been terribly clinical (Hitchcock as cited in Sandis, 200970). He was referring to the real incident of acquire obsessed Ed Gein, who used to dress up like his exanimate become and had polish off about a dozen women (Sandis, 2009).The psychoanalytical view of the movie is illustrated as a parallel between Lila Cranes exploration of the gothic mothers house and the exploration of Bates divided headway. The Freudian element, which explains the construction of Normans spirit, defines the concept of the story. First of all, there is a traumatic incident (matricide) cavictimization a transfer of guilt (translated on this occasion into the Oedipus complex). This, in turn, causes a partial loss of the self and a deep identification with the victim (ibid). The stor y unfolds from this Freudian perspective. Thus, it is evident that Psycho is structured according to the psychoanalytic procedure.THE STORYMarion Crane is a Phoenix office worker, whose life falls short of her expectations. She cant get married with her boyfriend, Sam because he has to provide most of his money in alimony. One Friday her employer confided to her to deposit $40,000. Thinking that this is a dangerous opportunity to devour the money and start a new life, Marion leaves town, headed towards Sams store in California. A heavy rainstorm forces her to spend the night at Bates motel. The motel is managed by Norman Bates, a young man who has a very domineering mother. During the night Marion decides to legislate the money the next morning. Unfortunately, while she is taking a shower, an anonymous figure enters and stabs her to death. After extensive research, it is revealed that Norman has kept his mother to life through his go bad personality. Dominated by his mothers per sonality, Norman kills anyone he feels attracted to. In the final scene, we find Norman in prison, haunted by his mothers persona, thinking of how to prove her/his innocence.OEDIPUS COMPLEXOedipus was the son of Laius and Jocasta, who was exiled from his homeland by his father because of a prophecy. The prophecy foretold that Oedipus would murder his own father. After many years Oedipus decided to discover his origins and returned to Thebes, where he met his father and, unknowingly fulfilling the prophecy, killed him. Then he was made king of the Thebans and was rewarded with the hand of Jocasta, who was his mother. When Oedipus realized that he had fulfilled the prophecy by killing his own father and having children with his mother, he blind himself (Willner, 1982).Oedipus Rex is a famous Sophocles ancient Greek tragedy, which has been interpreted by Freud as nothing more or less than a wish fulfillment- the fulfillment of the wish of our childhood (Freud as cited in Willner, 1982) . Specifically, Freud believes that boys are all destined to direct their first familiar impulse toward their mothers and their violent impulses toward their father. Under the, so called, positive form the complex is appeared as Oedipus story death wish for the opponent who is the person of the same sex, the father and sexual desire for the person of the opposite sex, the mother. The Oedipus complex is experienced from 3 to 5 years old and is revived during the adolescent period. The liberation from this complex has to do with the healthy structuring of the personality (Laplanche, Pontalis, 1986). If the boy does not repress his sexual desire toward the Mother and does not identify himself with the Father, he cannot initiate a normal personality.It is considered that the Oedipus complex is the main psychoanalytic idea of the movie and Norman Bates is its modern atypical version (Boulton, 2010). According to the films ending psychiatric speechNow he was already dangerously disturbe d, had been ever since his father died. His mother was a clinging, demanding woman, and for years the two of them lived as if there was no one else in the world. Then she met a manand it seemed to Norman that she threw him over. Now that pushed him over the line and he killed them both(prenominal) (Boulton, 2010).Norman Bates did not manage to overcome his unconscious sexual desire toward his mother and acted out his also unconscious drive of killing the Father. That explains why the mother half of Normans mind has won (Boulton, 2010 2). Psychiatrist Dr. Richmond illustrates that Norman has sexual desires for an attractive woman as normal men have, but his split personality does not allow him to develop a normal sexual intercourse. He explains to Lila (Marions sister) that When he (Norman) met your sister, he was touched by heraroused by her. He cherished her. That set off the jealous mother and mother killed the girl Now after the murder, Norman returned as if from a deep sleep. And like a obedient son, covered up all traces of the crime he was convinced his mother had commit (ibid 2)Norman, driven by envy, killed his mother and her lover. In other words, he committed the crime of matricide, which is considered the most heinous and unpardonable crime and is especially unbearable for the son who commits it (Dirks). Trying to erase the crime in his own mind, he developed a split personality. As a result, he created an illusion that his mother was still alive. To make this illusion a physical reality, he stole her dead body and preserved it, using his taxidermist skills. In his delusional mind he played-acted and imagined that he was his mother and that she was as pathologically jealous of him as he was of her (ibid). In this way, he was acting as his mother and committed murders due to her jealousy. It is evident that he chose this horrific way to redeem himself from the matricide.EGO, SUPEREGO, IDFreud divided the human mind into three conflicting parts th e ego, the superego and the id. The ego rests between the id and the superego and provides us with a sense of self. It has to build a balanced relationship of dependency between the demands of the id and the imperatives of the superego (Laplanche, Pontalis, 1986). The id is comprised of inseparable biological drives, emotional impulses, instincts and dispositions. On the contrary, the ego is made up of those mental phenomena related to whatever environmental considerations constrain the id (Freud calls these the reality principle). For example, the basic id drive is thirst and it is constrained by ego beliefs about what food is available where (Sandis, 2009). Finally, the superego plays a role similar to that of a judge. Freud considers the moral consciousness, self-observation and the development of moral values and ideals as expressions of the superego. The superego is defined as the heir of the Oedipus complex in terms of parental demands and prohibitions (Laplanche, Pontalis, 1986).Observing Norman Bates character through this theory, it is evident that he does not develop a strong enough ego in mold to keep under accommodate the powerful urges of both the id and the superego. Subsequently, the id and the superego manifest themselves as completely incompatible personalities (Boulton, 2010). His sexual desire for Marion represents his id and her murder (murder of the sexual desire for Marion) represents an extreme expression of his superego.Norman Bates never detached himself from his mother and identified himself with the Father. Therefore he did not assimilate into what Lacan terms the symbolic order, the interconnected system of signs that every society constructs meaning and order around (Zizek as cited in Boulton 20102). Normans symbolic level is psychotic, so the superego acts in different ways. As Zizek (cited in Boulton, 20102) emphasized, it is the maternal superego that acts and dominates his mind. At times he can become both personalities. B ut most of the times the mother half put his mind under control.Freud compared the human mind to an iceberg. The tiny part of the iceberg, which appears above the water surface possibly, represents human perception. Below the surface lies a much darker, larger part of the iceberg representing the unconscious. There is no evidence if Hitchcock has ever come across the iceberg metaphor but he would have found it inspiring. Like Freud Hitchcock present us a certain familiar and ordinary picture that we are prepared to see (like the pick of the iceberg- conscious) but whose exact shape is always novel (the other part of the iceberg-unconscious). He also chose for his movies, ladies that appear cold as ice in order to reveal their oppressed thoughts and desires (Sandis, 2009). It is charming in terms of cinema suspense, for secret or repressed thoughts to rise to the surface.(Sandis, 2009)Furthermore, Slavoj Zizek (2005) compares the old, gothic house to the segmented personality of Nor man Bates. The ground groundwork represents the ego and there he behaves as a normal son. The first flour represents the superego, where Norman is governed by the moral constrains of his mother. Finally the basement represents the id, the reservoir of the adulterous drives of the psyche thats why his mothers skeleton is transferred there. The transfer of his mothers dead body from the first flour to the basement illustrates the deep connection of the id and the superego in Normans split personality.The exploration of the house is like a psychoanalytic process. Lila entered Normans bedroom and observed his personal items, which were a combination of childrens (boys and girls items) and adults things (signifying his disturbed personality) (Dirks).CHARACTERSMarion symbolizes the repressed woman of the modern America of the 60s, who tries to be emancipated. discernment from her sexual intercourses with her lover during lunch times in secret hotel rooms, one could say that she appears as an independent woman. On the other hand, she gets the money and leaves town, which means that she wants a different life, maybe more conventional, having a successful marriage.Normans character is the mirror-negative of Marion. She operates in the Name of the Father Norman on the other hand, has not submitted to this paternal uprightness and is entrapped in the desire of the mother (Zizek as cited in Boulton, 2010). This theory is supported in terms of direction. As they stand together on the porch, the camera photographs the scene as if they were the two sides of the same coin, but Norman is also reflected in the glass window behind him (symbolizes his split personality) (Dirks).Norman Bates could be considered as a good looking, boyishly version of Sam (Marions boyfriend). As their encounter develops, however, this possibility is eradicated because it becomes obvious that he is not capable of adult sexuality, being held in sexual handcuffs with his mother (Palmer, 1986). As he mentions-Norman Do you know what I think? I think that were all in our private traps. Clamped in them. And none of us can ever get out. We scratch and claw, but only at the air, only at each other. And for all of it we never budge an inch.-Marion Sometimes we by choice step into those traps.(Psycho, 1960)Each of them gives different meaning to the word trap. Trap for Marion is the theft of the money or maybe her relationship with Sam. For a moment Norman seems that he speaks frankly, being conscious of his fragmented psyche. Unfortunately, after the discourse only Marion is capable of being subject to moral self-examination, deciding to return the money next morning. performance SCENESThe shower murder scene is among the most famous in the history of cinema. The major film star-Marion- is stabbed to death after the first 47 minutes of the movies start. unconstipated if someone has not seen the movie, he has undoubtedly seen this specific scene. It took a fully week to complete, using 70 cameras, fast cut editing of 78 film pieces and a naked stand in model (Marli Renfo) (Dirks). Despite the fact that it is one of the most jargonistic and violent scenes there is only implied violence because at no time does the knife penetrate into her body. In only instant one the knife touches her belly (ibid). However, it is the scene that made females, including Janet Leigh (Marion) not being able to take a shower for a very long time (Sullivan, 2006).Murdering Marion while she was taking a shower with a knife is not a cooccurring choice. On the contrary it has a deeper meaning in terms of direction and psychoanalysis. Until that moment, Marion was the main protagonist of the film and the epicenter of the plot was her feeling guilty for knock off the money. Taking a shower, the water washes away her guilt and rejuvenates her (Dirks). There is an irony here, at the moment she was relieved someone entered and took her life violently.Moreover, the knife in Freudian term s is a phallic symbol. In this weird and abnormal way, Norman satisfied both his desires the jealousy of his mother and his own desire, penetrating into the female body, using his knife. Marions dead body is standing on the cold floor, mixed with ejaculatory spurts of blood dripping down her legs from various gashes, which symbolizes a violent and deadly rape (ibid).Zizek with his objective The Perverts Guide to Cinema (2005) underlines that after Marions murder the spectator identifies with Norman Bates persona. Suddenly the spectator is anxious of cleaning up Marions blood from the bathroom and of getting rid of her car in the swamp, relating to our satisfaction with a job well done. Suspense is generated when, whilst Norman Bates is disposing of Marions car (containing her body) in a nearby swamp, the car momentarily lettuce sinking, an anxiety arises in the viewer (Zizek as cited in Boulton, 2010). The suspense here deals with the spectators unconscious identification with Bat es.This identification has to do with Hitchcocks use of gaze, the Hippolytuss gaze. This gaze is not a seen gaze, but a gaze visualized by the Self in the field of the Others idiosyncrasy. Everything is not observed just through the others eyes but through the others personal feelings. The gaze is not the Others glance as such, but the way this glance concerns me, the way the subject sees him/herself affected by it as to his/her desire (Zizek,1992214).The second murder scene, the murder of detective Arbogast is more predictable. The fascination of the first murder diverts our attention from the second murder. Everything that happens before the murder act seems to announce it. When Arbogast enters the mothers house and stands at the staircase, the audience immediately feel that something terrible is going to happen. However, the suspense here has to do again with this weird immoral identification of the audience with Norman. The spectator desires Arbogast to be killed (Zizek as cited in Boulton, 2010).There is a noticeable aesthetic differentiation between the two murders, which is related to the symbolic split of the movies narrative (ibid). Marions murder still being in the Name-of-the father symbolic realm, it takes place in a motel room, which highlights the aesthetic of an anonymous modern America. On the other hand, Arbogasts death takes place in mothers house which represents American tradition, in the desire of the mother symbolic space (ibid).CONCLUSIONSIt is evident that psychoanalytic theory is strongly related to the cinema. Specifically, in Hitchcocks films the Freudian speculative models are considered as a main pattern of his movies structure. Hitchcock himself has call forted when he was interviewed by Francois Truffaut-F.T. I saw Spellbound again recently and I must admit that I didnt care very much for the scenario.-A.H. Well, its just another manhunt story wrapped up in pseudo-psychoanalysis(Sandis, 200965)He might not have interpreted the subconscious too seriously and in his personal life he avoided doctors of the mind, as he had admitted, however, it is known that the famous director was not unfamiliar with psychoanalytic Freudian theories (Sandis, 2009).Nowadays the use of psychoanalytic theoretical models in cinema is the norm. It is not just a specialized knowledge that concerns a particular audience anymore it is also used as a method of creating artistic, cultural products. On the other hand, not only cinema uses psychoanalytical procedure as a tool of creativity, but also cinema could be used through psychoanalytical process as a method of manipulation and control (Tania, 1968). There is a strong interaction between cinema and psychoanalysis. Members of the Frankfurt School believe that cinema is used through psychoanalysis in order to create various forms of easy, false pleasure as a way to keep the audience unaware of the real major social existing problems (ibid). This reason has some truth to a limited e xtent but there are also many examples which underline that cinema, using the psychoanalytical process, emphasizes serious sociological problems. However, whatever the purpose of using the psychoanalysis, the point is that psychoanalytical theories have a strong connection with the creation of literary or cinematic products.

Research Problem

Research ProblemCHAPTER-2FORMULATION OF RESEARCH jobS AND STEPS OF RESEARCH2.1 INTRODUCTION single of the important concepts and the back bone of interrogation analysis is that of identifying look into puzzle(s). This is the real impediment that commonly pees puzzle in the minds of seekers at the initial stage of query work. It is rather police detectives perception or recognition of a hardy that motivates him/her for programning a query. All the imagination that rules in the mind of a exploreer spot recognizing about a enquiry, difficulty whitethorn not be necessarily a best fit and accurate problem, for which, the mold and task of acknowledgment of a good seek problem is considered as a disco rattling in itself.2.2 FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEMHowever, in a normal meaning, a research problem whitethorn be stated as slightly difficulty which an person (manager) or organization(s) or society faces and the solution on the quick difficulty is sought. A proper, systematic and thorough analysis of a research problem will definitely enable the tec (may be social scientist in slipperiness of social science research or business executive in case of business research) to be on the right track in the offset of research. As it is often said that a problem or difficulty may be defined/stated clearly treated as half solved. As much as the researcher is clear about the problem, it will be better on his/her break away to smoothly carry on the completed consequential steps continuously one after the other in the crop of execution of a scientific research work. 2.3 COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH PROBLEMThe components of identifying a research problem imply that of analyzing some rudimentary necessities which argon required in the process of identifying a research problem. In this process, a research finis should satisfy five basic requirements as outlined be depressive disordera. Existence of Both Researcher(s) and Respondent(s) ane of the basic requi rements for identifying a research problem is the presence of both the parties- the researcher(s) and the respondent (s). The respondent(s) may be an individual or a group who face some difficulty or problem. Similarly, the researcher may be an individual or a group who want to solve the lasting problem of the respondent(s). The respondents may be the customers, employees, executives etc., in case of business research where as they may be common military man bes in case of social science research. For example, if the respondents atomic number 18 not facing any difficulty, then there may not arise any marvel of decision-making and hence, no chance of research. b. Both Must Have almost ObjectivesThe second basic requirement is that, to identify a research problem, both the parties must(prenominal) have some objectives. The respondents want to fulfill their basic requirements of life, want to live in a healthy environment, willingness to purchase new products, to stay fresh st andard of nourishment and as a whole atomic number 18 having unlimited wants. The researchers task is to solve the existing huddles in the process of achieving the desires of the respondents i.e., satisfaction of unlimited human wants.c. Both Must Have Some Doubt While Selecting AlternativesThe respondents ar having a number of alternatives with them. This creates doubts in their mind while deciding which alternative to require. Similarly, the researchers are withal having few alternatives in the sort of doubts. This may lead to the question of selecting the important one that can solve the existing problem in a better way.For example Let that Hindustan Unilever Ltd. (HUL), is provoke to lunching a new brand of tooth paste, with the brand name PARAS in India. The RD cell of HUL is interested to know the foodstuff picture of this product and wants to predict the feasibility of the product in the market before introducing it. The researchers of HUL may identify some problem ar eas like Who are the major competitor in this product kinsfolk?, What are the brand image and share of divers(prenominal) competitors?, What is the dealers reaction towards the proposed product? In which market segment (area) HUL should turn? etc. All these are required for the RD members for suggesting their focusing while deciding on whether to lunch the product or not? All the four alternatives chosen can give the answer to the question that whether or not to go for the new product. But due to some constraint the team has to make a choice amidst the alternatives and have to concentrate on any one or few alternatives. Now it is genuinely difficult on the part of the researcher(s) to as certain(a) that which one will give better result to achieve at the desired objectives. Similarly, the respondents are also having number of alternatives with them while purchasing a product.d. in that respect Must be an EnvironmentAn exercise can emerge in an environment. Like wise a res earch problem can exist in an environment. The environment may be social, business, political, demographic, technological or any such environments characterized by problems of any kind. 2.4 FACTORS OF PROBLEM IDENTIFICATIONOriginating problems or questions constitute the initial kind in the process of problem-formulation. The process of problem finding is having some component of analysis. These components answer to the general questions like how to proceed in the process of problem identification? In this connection Gupta 2001, distinguishes ternion principal components in the progressive formulation of a research problem like* What one wants to know? (The originating a general question)* Why one wants to have the particular questions answered? (the rationale behind the question)* Analyzing the questions formatted in search of their appropriateness.a. What one Wants to Know?This type of question gener bothy represents the beginning of certain difficulties or challenges which, sh ould be formulated in such specific terms so as to indicate where exactly the answers to the problem can be found. One type of originating question calls for discovering particular matter of common interest. Another type of originating question draws direct attention to the search for analysis and comparison between various variables in a society. Some questions may be descriptive in nature, while some other group of researchers may raise the questions based on the adequateness of certain concepts, while some may be interested in analyzing detect empirical generalizations and so on.b. Why One Wants to Have the Particular incertitude Answered?The second phase of problem formulation is that of analyzing the vagueness or rational of the formulated question. Rationale is defined as the statement of reasons why a particular question is having some apprise in that circumstances. Hence, it answers to the question how the answers to the question(s) formulated will contribute to theory or/and in practice?c. Analyzing the Questions FormulatedEach question differs to that of another question in their degree of specificity. Some questions may be quite diffused where as some may be relatively specific and some questions formulated may be undifferentiated or fused. Thus the questions must be broken d experience into several(prenominal) specifying questions related to the particular aspects may be from management field or related to the areas of social science or can be any combination between the two.2.5. NATURE OF THE PROBLEMOne of the important concerns before finalizing the problem in research is that of thoroughly scanning the nature of the identified problem(s) by the researcher. As it is already stated earlier that the researchers may face number of huddles (i.e., limited time, slight budget, lack of resources etc.) in the process of research, hence, they have to compare the huddles that they are facing and the nature of problem they have identified. The side b y side(p) derivation will back up the reader in clarifying this concept.Case-1 When the problem is narrow in scopeFoe example Soft drink habits of management students of a particular institute of a specific area?. Like Soft drink habits of management students of IMF, Bangalore.Socio-economic condition of fruit sellers of Noida etcSolution These cases require less time to execute, less expensive and also requires fewer resources.Case-2 When the problem identified is broad in scopeFor example Impact of world economic crisis on corporate employment Impact of government programmes on rural development in IndiaSolution Take Long time, expensive and pauperism to a greater extent resources.Case-3 The problem identified cannot be measuredFor example Will this new cultivation technology make society better?Is it possible to shift the human being to Moon to settle there?Solutions Difficult to estimate.Based on the accessible limitations, the researchers are advised to select their own prob lem. If they are having less time, less pay to execute research work etc., here it is advisable to identify a research problem which may be narrow in scope and so on.2.6. SOURCES OF IDENTIFYING RESEARCH PROBLEM(S)Where is the problems lie? or what will be the sources of research problem? This is the question that generally puzzles the minds of researchers at the beginning stage of the research. Most of the researchers are incessantly in search of research problems. The task of problem pick is always confusing. One can explore a research problem basically from three important sources. They are1. Researchers own interest2. Contemporary interests of the researcher3. Identifying unexplored areas1. Researchers Own InterestGupta (2001) pointed out that personal values play an important place along with other determinants in the selection of a topic of research. Researcher(s) with different values tend to choose different topics for investigation. It is always advisable and better to s elect the problem based on the own interest of the researcher itself. A researcher may select a problem for research from a precondition situation or circumstances or existing theory as per his/her area of interest. One may generate an idea either while drill a research paper or reading a particular subject in self interested areas. For example, while doing my Ph. D in economics, I am very much interested to explore the take of living in India.Box-2.1 Illustration of Own Interest in ResearchA commonplace way of looking at the level of living of the people in the country is to look at the state of discrimination in the distribution of in score and the level of poverty by analysing their consumption pattern. One of the major curiosities in the Indian economy is to define and estimate a poverty line and to determine the constituent of people below it. There are number of methods to estimate poverty line and number of indices to measure the magnitude of inequality and incidence o f poverty. The scope of the take aim is limited to some popular and widely used traditional, modern (non-ethical) and the recently developed ethical measures of poverty and to some positive and normative measure of inequality to estimate the incidence of poverty and magnitude of inequality in the state.2. Contemporary Interest of the ResearcherIn the busy world, a researcher may come across various problems which require a specific analyse. Beside personal interest, social and or business environmental conditions do often shape the preference of investigators in order to identify research problem (s). Since societies and/or business environments differ in respect of the premium they place on the work in different fields, hence, these differences affect the choice of research topics. In a given socio-business condition, thousands and thousands of opportunities prevail and can be identified. It is however, researchers own conscious, matters a lot while identifying a research problem . For instance, suppose the prices of major enduring goods like that of TVs, washing machines etc., are reducing day-to-day in the electronic market in India, here, the researcher may be interested to study the extent of reduce in price in different time periods, factors that are influencing the acquisition of durables, diffusion of durable goods and hence, demand for the durable goods in the market and so on. Conversion of a problem of contemporary interest into a good and interesting research topic depends largely on the skill and expertise of the researcher in that field of knowledge.3. Gap in the Existing Theories/PrinciplesThe third source in the process of problem identification is of analyzing the existing open frame in the available theories or principles in literatures. Irrespective of rapid expansion of communication, there shut up exists gap between what is known and what is unknown. This identification of gap between the two is the task of the researcher while selecti ng a research problem. This type of research would be extending and broadening the field of knowledge in that area. The divinatory or empirical studies conducted on this basis may sometimes alter, modify or revise the existing theories or principles. Here, the researcher uses some existing theories or principles from any discipline of knowledge, may be managerial economics, macro economics, international trade, marketing management, consumer behaviours, finance etc., in the empirical analysis and suggest some accommodation or development of some new theories in the existing one.Box-2.2 Methods of Estimating Unit Consumer ScalesConsumption pattern of a household, in general is affected by several factors, which may be of economic and non-economic in nature. For example, age-sex distribution, marital status, occupation etc., of the members of the household might be the significant determinants of the consumption pattern in addition to income, tastes, sizing of the household etc. Sin ce different types of household members have different needs and ability to consume, the actual decisions regarding expenditure by a household are easily influenced by the consumption of the household (in terms of age-sex etc.). Several researchers1 have proposed alternative methods of estimation of unit consumer scales (to estimate the specific and income unit consumer weights, which constitute specific and income scales respectively).In the beginning, the effect of a single additional individual on the household consumption was used to investigate, by comparing group of households with identical composition pull up for the presence or absence of one members. This approach was soon abandoned in view of its inefficient results and various other difficulties (Kemsley, 1952). The limitations of this method are (1) it is difficult to get sufficient number of households of the requisite type and (2) it is possible that consumption pattern of the households of this type may be differen t by several other factors such as income distribution, regional, climatic and social conditions etc.As a result, subsequent researchers in the field mainly considered child as a subdivision of an adult. Although, this idea was originally propounded by Carrol and Bright (1875) and then by Engel (1857) but its scientific treatment was done by Sydenstricker and King (1921).Singh (1968), Singh and Nagar (1973) adopted a limited version of Prais and Houthakkers iterative procedure to estimate both the specific and income scales independently of any such re setions and assumptions as employed in the puts of Forsyth (1960), Barten (1969) and Coondoo (1973, 1975). It is obvious that the same form of the Engel function (in per capita or per unit terms) may not describe the consumption pattern with respect to all the items of consumption. Prais and Houthakker choose to work with only the semi-log and the double-log in their study. However, Singh and Nagars model need not be constrained by any particular form of the Engel function. Instead, they scan through eleven different functional forms and (viz. L, DL, SL, EX, LI, HYP, P, LP, LO, LLI and SLI) and select for the decision of analysis the one which (i) provide initial and final critical levels of demand below and above which the consumer would not have any demand for the item in question however low or high his income may be, (ii) satisfy the Slutskys conditions and (iii) explains the maximum variation in the dependent variable. Hence, it can be said that selection of a research topic is not the end of research process rather it is only half a step forward. The selection of topics does not help the researcher to see the data are relevant to the methodology to be used, the design of the research etc.2.7. PROCESS FOR FORMATION OF A RESEARCH PROBLEMThere are number of processes of identification of research problem. They are as follows1. Systematic Inquiry Through Pilot SurveyHaving a few alternatives in mind, the re searcher has to inquiry about the viability of each alternative through pilot survey. The process of pilot survey is nothing but is the preliminary study that the researchers are generally doing before finalization of research topic. This will help the researcher in keeping close contact with the problem to that of related requirements like-the condition of the study area, the nature of the respondents, the expected difficulty in data collection, the time frame required to complete the study, the approximate budget required etc., to solve the problem identified. Some times, it so happens that, the problem selected even though looks easy but in practice it is not so easy to execute. 2. Survey of Existing Literature examine the literature is having multiple advantages to the researcher. In one hand, it helps the researcher to be familiar with the concepts already available in the literature, hence, add some new knowledge to the researcher in the required area. On the other hand, it al so helps the researcher in selecting new alternatives, fixation of hypotheses, deciding objectives of study and so on from the existing literature.3. aggroup DiscussionsGroup discussions is the process of discussing about particular topics among the persons who are associated with the work. In group discussions each person in the group shares their own universe of discourse and knowledge on a particular topic. It may help the researcher in getting the number of new ideas or knowledge to the existing source of knowledge. Again, discussions with the experts also coat a new way and new idea in the existing field. It also provides some practical knowledge which will help the researchers in the process of execution of the research work. Hence, it can be said that a problem/statement gives information concerning who, what, where and how?2.8. CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEMBefore finalization of the research problem, the researcher should aware of several conditions and consideratio ns although there is no hard and first rule that all the research problem should follow all the criteria, sleek over few criteria in the form of conditions might be listed for guidance in the selection of a topic. They are (a) Clarity in problem -the problem selected must have perfect clarity without creating any confusion (b) Novelty- The problem formulated should be original one so that it should not involve objectionable duplications. Originality is the basic credit point of any research (c) Logical and Systematic- Research is guided by logic or reasoning (d) Interesting and Importance- The problem formulated for research should be interesting for the readers and the problem should be significant enough and involve an important principle or practice (e) Relation between Variables- The problem low study must be in a position to highlight the nature, extent and implications that exist among variables of the study (f) Availability of adequate information on data- The research work chosen should ensure the devices and procedures etc.2.9. DIFFICULTIES OF RESEARCH IN INDIAIndia is a pluralistic country. It is not only pluralistic in religion, geographic conditions, body color, living standards etc., but also pluralistic in economic conditions. It generally, possesses characteristics of a typical Under Developed Country (UDC). Before explaining the difficulties that the researchers in India are facing, it is better to tell apart some of the distinctive characteristics of the Indian economy.1. down(p) Per Capita IncomeIndias per capita income is very low compared to the developed countries of the world. The World Development Report 2005 categorized India as a low income category (GNI per capita of $765 or less in 2003) calculated on basis of income aggregates. Similarly, India is also placed in the category of Medium Human Development countries category with HDI value as between 0.05 to 0.799 calculated, based on the human development aggregates in the world.2. Inequalities in Income DistributionAnother related characteristic of the Indian economy is the prevalence of gross inequalities. The World Bank, in its World Development Report, 2002, has revealed that the richest 10 per cent took 33.5 per cent of the total income and the poorest 10 per cent received only 3.5 per cent of the total income distribution in India. The larger number of people in the top group includes owners and managers in the occult sector, managers of public enterprises, workers in large public and private sector enterprises, government workers at the middle levels and small family farmers in the prosperous rural areas.3. Predominance of AgricultureAgriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy. Agriculture and allied sectors contribute nearly 22 per cent of Gross Domestic Product of India, while about 65-70 per cent of the population is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.4. Low ProductivityThere are wide difference in the level of productiveness in diff erent sectors between the advanced and the backward countries. The average productivity in Indian agriculture is about 40 times below the productivity level in U.S.A. and Canara. Difference in the industrial productivity between advanced and backward nations is also found to be very significant.5. Technological BackwardnessThe techniques of production employed in most of the sectors of the underdeveloped economics are either absolute or outdated. In India, for example, agriculture is still carried out with the centuries old techniques. Similarly, modernization in the industrial sector is also found to be very limited, as most of the industries still employ techniques which have been long discarded in the western countries. The transport sector still needs more improvement.6. Deficiency in CapitalA common characteristic of all the underdeveloped countries is the deficiency in capital. The rate of capital formation in India has been dismay low.7. Rapid Growth of PopulationThe rate of growth of population in underdeveloped countries is generally very high. This is primarily because of the high birth rate and low death rate.8. Existence of Unemployed and Disguised UnemploymentUnemployment, underemployment and disguised unemployment are very common feature of the underdeveloped nation, as India. Since, population grows rapidly, repulse is a prime(a) factor and it is not possible to provide employment to all the people who are capable of work and willing to work. Consequently unemployment and underemployment is found to be very common. In the agricultural sector of the economy, disguised unemployment exists to a considerable degree.9. Poor Quality of Human CapitalHuman capital implies the quality of the countrys labour force. It is the labour which has to play a great role in building up the economy. Public expenditure on education, medical care and social services goes a long way to improve the quality of labour in the nation. Unfortunately, in India masses stil l continue to be illiterate and ignorant. For this reason, India is lack of skilled experts in various sectors.10. Under-utilisation of Natural ResourcesIn India, still now a large proportion of its forest are laying unexploited. Similarly, the water resources of the country are once again remaining unutilized. A better use of all these actual and potential resources pave the way in support of improvement in economic activity and the volume of national production, hence, level of living.The above features and remaining more, point out that India is an underdeveloped country. In the years after independence the government of India has awakened to the need of economic development of the country and has made an organized effort and initiated the process of development in the country. As a result of these efforts the pace of development has garner momentum and the country is making a steady progress towards development.In such a situation, it is very easy on the part of a researcher t o find out accurate problems/ideas/objectives of research within a short span of time. But in the process of execution of research work, he/she may face numbers of difficulties. These difficulties generally emerge as bottlenecks in the process of research in our country. Even though, the literature points out about the presence of a number of huddles that the researchers generally face, some important factors are narrated below1. Lack of Specialized InstitutionsIn India, we have lack of specialized research institutions for conducting frequent research and development in our preferred areas, particularly in management.2. Lack of Adequate Source of LiteratureSince we are lack of adequate specialized research institutions, hence, there is lack of rich library for getting adequate literature. Even though in some particular cities there exist rich libraries but still they seem to be very few in numbers in comparison to requirement. In such a situation, the researchers are spending huge summation towards maintenance expenditure before the collection of required materials. This task is expensive and also time overpowering. Such facts are generally de-motivating the researchers.3. Lack of Adequate informationCollection of primary data is time consuming and expensive. In India, a researcher is not getting adequate data for conducting research work. There are few organizations that collect primary data (panel data) from the field periodically. But the cost of the data available for sell is very high. For example, suppose a person is interested in consumer expenditure data. The best source of data is that of NSSO unit record data. It is surprising that the data CD of 61st round consumer data costs around Rs. 18000/-, which is very expensive and is beyond the limit of the individual researcher(s).4. Lack of ExpertsWe have very limited experts in different fields of research in social sciences and also in management. Since, we have limited institutions and also because of improper salary structure in comparison to developed countries, experts are getting maximum exposure in developed countries and also the working environment is also very attractive and good. This encourages most of our scholars to settle abroad.5. Technical BottlenecksTechnology in 21st century is ever-changing very faster. But in India most of the research scholars are using traditional means of technology in research, which are both time consuming and requires more personal involvement.5. Infant Industry ConditionMost of the industries in India are in Infant stage. For this reason, the industries in India are lack of their own research and development cell. Since, the execution of independent research is expensive, requires more time and human resources, thus, the industries prefer to conduct research through consultants and NGOs, rather than opening up of their own RD department.6. Dualistic EconomyIndian industrial sector shows dualistic economic structure i.e., the presence of modern sector and the traditional sector. Similarly, small pockets of development exist in towns and metropolitan cities where the industry has grown and the trade is flourishing. On the other hand, the rural areas continue to be in the grip of backwardness, poverty and stagnation. All these create problems to the researcher to get adjusted with these dualistic natures of the economy.7. Democratic form of GovernmentSince, Indian constitution is adopting the democratic form of Government hence, we have no strict legal code and conduct for the research. By the way, it is essential for the formation of a code and conduct specifying methodologies and procedure of research and related issues to make the research process more uniform and ethical.8. Lack of Adequate Financial Assistance to ResearcherThere is lack of certain economic institutions like financial institutions and credit agencies for accompaniment the research work. As funding is not available, it is discouraging research work.9. Time ConsumingResearch process is mostly time consuming. Since we are using all most all the traditional technique of research, hence, it requires much time. This is discouraging for further research.2.10 LINKING RESEARCH TO PRACTICEOlivier Serrat (2005) of Asian Development Bank, in his volume Linking Research to utilization which is meant for ADBs series of knowledge solutions pointed out that research greatly exceeds its application in practice. So, he pointed out that researchers must pay greater attention to the production of their research findings in a flexible range of formats in recognition of the varied needs of readers. To him, research is about both generation and enunciation of findings. An enunciate indemnity is the expression of a research institutions mission and values to its staff members and to the public. It establishes a common vision and the values and measures that can be engaged to achieve approachability to information content. An enunciate polic y can be an legal and economical instrument that links research to practice but in reality it is observed that except few there may be rarely such other institute who are following this in practice. Thus, he advocated for the definite existence of an enunciation policy and an enunciation plan for each research agenda. Enunciation tactics will then automatically come into play.Drawing a herald PlanThe most successful enunciate processes are usually designed before the start of a research agenda. It should produce a response-utilization of the research findings-on the part of users. While drawing an enunciation plan, researchers should consider at least the following seven major elementsa. Impact and Outcomes What is the desired impact of enunciation? What outcomes does the enunciation plan aim to accomplish? In what ways the users are benefited?b. Users Which users are most affected by the research? Which would be most interested in scholarship of the research findings? What are t heir scope and characteristics?c. Information Content Does the information content match the users expressed informational needs? Does the comprehension level require to understand the information content that match the characteristics of the users? Is the information content reviewed through a quality control mechanism to ensure accuracy and relevance?d. Medium What is the most effective enunciation method to reach each user group? What reso

Tuberculosis :: Health, Diseases

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection that can attack any part of the body, but it is normally found in the lungs (Huether, McCance, Brashers and Rote, 2008,). TB is an infection caused by a acid-fast bacillus also know as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Huether et al. 2008) It is one of the leading causes of death in Asia, China, Indian, Indonesia and Pakistan (Huether et al. 2008). These countries show that in most cases the incidence rate is highest in young adults, and are usually the result from re-infection in recent infections. The spread of TB is attributed to the transportation of infected people from high-prevalent countries, substance abuse, poverty, transmission in crowd places, and the lack of proper medical care for the infected individuals (Huether et al. 2008).Tuberculosis is transmitted from soul to person through airborne droplets, when a person that is infected with TB coughs, sneezes, talks, and/or sings letting tiny droplet to be released into the air(Bare, Smeltzer, Hinkle, and Cheever, 2008). TB cannot be spread through pathetic inanimate objects, food, or drinks (Bare et al. 2008). The person must be in the same area an affected individual is in and inspirate the droplets to be affected. Once the bacillus is enliven into the lungs, the bacilli start to multiply causing lung inflammation also known as nonspecific pneumontis (Huether et al. 2008). To cause an immune response the bacilli will travel through lymphatic system and become lodged in the lymph nodes (Huether et al. 2008). Lung inflammation causes the activation of the alveolar macrophages and neutrophils (Huether et al. 2008). Granulomas, new tissue masses of live and dead bacilli, are surrounded by macrophages, which traffic pattern a protective wall. They then transform into a fibrous tissue mass, the central portion is called a ghon tubercle (Bare et al. 2008). The bacterial then necrotic, forming a chinchy mass, this mass may become calcified and form a collagenous scar (Bare et al. 2008). At this point, the bacteria becomes dormant and there is no further progression of the combat-ready disease. The disease can become active again by re-infection or activation of the dormant bacteria (Bare et al. 2008).TB can be classified as latent or active (Bare et al. 2008). TB that is a latent is bacilli that are isolated with a tubercle can remain, dormant, causing no symptoms. Active TB occurs when live bacilli escape into the bronchi or if the immune system is weaken by diseases such as HIV or Cancer (Bare et al.

Romeo And Juliet- Emotions :: essays research papers

Images of Emotions in "Romeo and Juliet"     One of William Shakespeares most famous plays is "Romeo and Juliet." I believe the reason out for this is its sense of reality and idealism. This paper will present images of human emotions in "Romeo and Juliet," which make this tragedy so believable.     Youth and family play a big manipulation in this tragic story. "Shakespeare delineates the hold of the patriarchal family on its children" (Kahn 18). This statement is true both then and now. Parents and elders will always have a hold on the children, but just now to a certain extent. The two "noble" families of the play feel control and protection over both Juliet and Romeo yet in the end, the only effect they have on the two lovers is that they have pushed them to the drastic measure of self-slaughter.      Others say that the relation between the two time periods is in the childrens disobeying of and misunderstanding of rules descend forrader them.The youth of society tend to question and then possibly disregard the rules that are important to their parents if they do not have a close reason to believe in these rules. The rebellious actions of youth can eventually cause their own untimely destruction. (Justin K.)Although some feel that way, others say that idea is inaccurate because teenagers who have been either purposely forcefully kept out of society tend to fear society rather than their own families (Bradbrook 99).      I agree with Kahn, parents do have a certain magnitude of authority over the youth of society, but it will only have a limited effect. Just as the aged people of today eventually gained or were allowed their ability to make their own decisions and others, so must the younger generation be able to do. This probability was one never given to Romeo or Juliet they were left in a position of the second type of connection , where their only option was to go against the rules and concepts set before them.      Two of the many other emotions used in this piece are prejudice and hate. They are intertwined and effect each other in ways so noticeable to us that we tend to forget that they even exist at times. "From examining Romeo and Juliet, it is evident that the play shows how prejudice leads to escalating violence" (Justin K.). This, to most people, is common knowledge peculiarly in society today, where many actions are based on racism or sexism.